Criminal Case Defense

When a person gets arrested for a crime, that person will remain a suspect until proven guilty otherwise in court. This person will then have the chance to avail himself with the best legal representation available. â€Å"A defense consists of evidence and arguments offered by a defendant and his or her attorney(s) to show why that person should not be held liable for a criminal charge† (Schmalleger, 2010). Generally speaking, there are two types of defense: factual and legal. When talking about factual defense, this simply means that the defendant claims that there was no crime committed. An example of a factual defense is when the defendant claims that he or she was not in the crime scene, usually called an alibi or proof beyond reasonable doubt does not exist. There are two possible outcomes on a factual defense: acquittal or lesser punishment. A legal defense in contrast is when a defendant may confess to committing the crime but disagrees with his or her accountability because of a certain variable supporting the act such as mental incapacity or insanity. In a legal defense, factual guilt is immaterial for assertion and the defendant may defend his or her act with justifications, excuses or prove that constitutional rights or other laws have been violated by the government concerning evidence, relevant materials or witnesses about his or her case. A legal defense may have multiple outcomes such as acquittal, reduction in punishment, exclusion of evidence, exclusion of witnesses and more. There are two forms of legal defenses. The two forms of legal defenses are justifications, in which the defendant admits to committing the act in question but claims is was necessary in order to avoid some greater evil, and excuses, in which the defendant claims that some personal condition or circumstance at the time of the act was such that he or she should not be held accountable under the criminal law† (Schmalleger, 2010). To better understand the two forms, an example of a justification is when a son is trapped in the neighbors tree house and the father has to trespass and possible destroy his neighbors property to let his son free. The fathers reason for trespassing someone else’s home and also damaging property is justifiable because his intention was to save his sons life. An example of an excuse is killing someone while sleep walking. The excused actor admits to doing harm but claims an absence of personal culpability. â€Å"Justifications and excuses are affirmative defenses, that is, they must be raised or asserted by the defendant independently of any claims made by the prosecutor. This is a variance from the general rule that places the burden of production and persuasion on the government. For affirmative defenses, defendants bear the burden of production, that is, they must assert the defense at the time required by law. Failure to raise an affirmative defense in a timely manner acts as a waiver of the defense. States vary about the burden of persuasion placed on the defendant. Some require the defendant to prove the defense; others shift the burden to the prosecution to disprove defense† (Schmalleger, 2010). Many variables are included when the conduct in which the violated law may be justifiable. Six different defenses fall under justifications. Necessity for one is a justifiable defense to a criminal charge in which the defendant claims that it was necessary to commit some unlawful act in order to prevent greater evil or harm. If a man deemed that it was necessary to destroy windows in a burning house to vent the smoke and save victims in it from smoke inhalation and help them escape, he justifies his act on destruction of property to save lives and avoid harm. Another is self-defense simply means to defend one’s self from harm or threatening situations. To protect one’s self is a right and a natural response but has limitations. If an attacker for example punches a victim, the victim has the right to defend himself or stop the situation to progress by attacking the attacker as well until the threat is ended. In this example, if the threat was ended by the victim knocking the attacker unconscious and the victim is aware and still kept hitting the attacker until he dies is no longer self defense. If the threat no longer exists the victim should go away and call the authorities and let them handle the situation from there. In self defense, reasonable force must be presented when defending a case. When another person is being victimized and a person defends the victim from harm this defense is called defense of others or sometimes called defense of a third person. Defense of others always requires that the defender be free from fault and that he or she act to aid an innocent person who is in the process of being victimized. Defense of home and property also falls under justifications. Four situations which are protection of personal property, defense of home or habitation, defense of another’s property and use of mechanical device to protect property are justifiable means when using protection of property as a defense. In most jurisdictions, the owner of property can justifiably use reasonable non deadly force to prevent others from unlawfully taking or damaging that property† (Schmalleger, 2010). An example of unreasonable deadly force to protect property is shooting an unarmed trespasser but shooting while being robbed by an armed robber who has intent to kill is reasonable use of deadly force. The fifth defense that can be used as a justification is resisting unlawful arrest. This is a very sensitive case and requires factual and accurate evidence when resisting unlawful arrest from peace officers. Last defense to be covered under justifications is consent. â€Å"Consent is a justification offered as a defense to a criminal charge, that claims that the person suffering as injury either agreed to sustain the injury or accepted the possibility of injury before the activity was undertaken† (Schmalleger, 2010). In the remaining of this paper, the second major category of defenses which is â€Å"excuses† will be discussed followed by the analysis between the legal and medical perspectives on mental illness and insanity. In most cases, excuses are personal in nature. Defendants would claim that their actions were based on some disability or some abnormal condition such as intoxication, insanity or immaturity. There are several excuses recognized by law which includes: duress, intoxication, mistake, age, entrapment, insanity, diminished capacity and various syndromes to a limited degree. However, where a defendant suffers from a know disability, that disability alone is not sufficient to excuse him or her of criminal responsibility. Insanity and mental illness are probably two of the biggest issues and also hard to prove in court as an excuse. Many defendants throughout the years won a case using insanity and mental illness as an excuse. Some scientists and medical experts have been studying the human mind, and although the studies are far from complete and still difficult to fully understand, there are distinctions and differences concerning insanity and mental illness. On a medical perspective differentiating the two; â€Å"symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning ight be a mental illness and when symptoms cause distress even beyond scope of problems mental illness comes with it might be considered insanity in which the person is no longer responsible for his or her actions† (Helium inc. , 2009). Insanity is a social and legal term rather that a medical one. Psychiatrists speak instead of mental disorders rather that use the term insanity which makes is difficult to fit into legal categories, either way, the legal concept of insanity has its basis in some disease of the mind. The lack of mens rea or showing that mens rea was present but accompanied by a mental disease of defect affects criminal liability in a case. In conclusion, a criminal defense consists of evidences and arguments offered in court by a defendant through an attorney to show why the defendant should not be held liable for crimes charged against him or her. There are many aspects in a criminal case defense a defendant needs to adhere to in order to prove innocence. Criminal defenses have two types and under legal defense, defenses may be built upon three bases which are alibis, justifications and excuses. Under excuses, insanity and mental illness was covered in a medical and legal perspective. In some jurisdictions due to the difficulties with assessing insanity from a legal perspective, insanity has been eliminated as an excuse in court in regards with a criminal charge. However defendants in all jurisdictions may still claim presence of mental disease at the time of the act which eliminates the mental culpability or mens rea needed for the criminal activity.

Comparison: Claude Monet and Van Gogh

This as not due to a lack in technique or training; this is a style that Monet acquired by using very dappled brushstrokes in his work. The individual brushstrokes portray the different shapes of each object, which enhances the composition of this piece. The overlapping of distinct brush strokes gives the piece depth and a lively quality. For example, the high grass is well depicted as blowing in the wind but this movement would not be as beautifully rendered if Monet didn't use dappled brushstrokes.The Path on the Island of Saint Martin, Bethel has a very rich use of color and rightness that bring a sense of clarity to the piece. Monet uses a variety of color in this piece but sticks to mostly earthy tones which gives the piece a harmonious feeling. Monet did not try to smooth away or diminish the appearance of their brush strokes, which was a popular technique during Impressionism. Another Impressionist â€Å"technique† that Monet used was capturing a fleeting moment. In Pat h on the Island of Saint Martin, Bethel Monet captures the fleeting effects of sunlight that happen throughout that day.Capturing these moments enhances the feeling of a certain impression of the scene. Rain by Vincent Van Gogh is oil painting that was created in 1889. Van Gogh was a famous artist during the Post-Impressionism time period and created artworks that had a strong emotional impact on viewers. Rain has several realistic depictions but stays true to Van Sago's personal experience during the rain storm. Rain has a sad emotional feeling to it, because of the muddy, dark, vivid colors that Van Gogh chose to use.Vincent Van Gogh manipulated many different color lattes in most of his works and he manipulates the colors in Rain by overlapping them to create new tones and shades. The color of the paint that Van Gogh uses perfectly depicts a rainy day; the viewer immediately gets a sense of a gloomy rainstorm when looking at the piece. Van Sago's line work in this piece is extrao rdinary and allows the viewer to experience the rainstorm first hand; his use of long and short diagonal strokes, which cover the entire forefront of the painting, effortlessly depict a rain storm.Van Gogh choose to use thick white strokes of paint to present the rain and it is rendered beautifully especially in contrast to the darker colors in the background. Van Gogh is able to capture the true essence of the rainstorm by painting the piece very blurry. He rejects the idea of the landscape in order for the viewer to focus more on the rain. Behind the blurriness of the piece the viewer can make out a small fence that Van Gogh painted into his piece. The fence is a little asymmetrical, but seems intentional in order to create a sense of depth and achieve Van Sago's perspective during the rainstorm.In comparison, it is apparent hat Post- Impressionism was highly influenced by Impressionism, and there are many similar techniques used in both pieces. Monet and Van Sago's paintings are both portraying an outdoor landscape of a wheat field, but are painted in many different and unique ways. Van Sago's looks as if it was painted wildly and quickly. Motet's piece is clear that he took time to plan each paint stroke. Both oil paintings use earthy color tones but Van Sago's piece has a darker, muddy feel to it because of his technique of manipulating colors.Van Sago's work has a sense of looseness that test the mood and tone perfectly, while Motet's work has a little bit more depiction to objects and the landscape. Both artist use oil paint and keep a thick texture of paint so both pieces have this feeling that they are somewhat Jumping out at you. Motet's piece depicts the landscape quite clearly while Van Sago's piece is much more blurry and he denies much of the landscape. In Motet's piece the trees, landscape, and wheat field are successfully depicted and you can even see some small details. In Van Sago's piece one is more focused on the rain than the blurred out l andscape.Both artists have great use of space that allows the viewer to gain a sense of perspective; Rain seems to be a perspective that was looking down on the wheat filed, while in Path on the Island of Saint Martin, Bethel the viewer is at ground level with the field. In closing, Monet and Van Gogh are very alike in the sense that they both enjoyed painting outdoor landscapes, but they are very different in the way they capture the scenes. Monet strove to capture the essence of a fleeting moment, such as light, while Van Gogh strove to capture the essence of a particular mood or emotion.These two different styles are clearly depicted when walking through the galleries at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Claude Motet's art work all give the viewer a sense of clarity with the use of earthy and warm colors that he uses to paint landscapes. Van Sago's art work often leaves one pondering of his exact emotive intentions were but for most, if not all, pieces the viewer is definitely able to feel an array of emotions while browsing through Van Sago's work. Path on the Island of Saint Martin, Bethel by Claude Monet. Personal Photograph by Natalie Pagans. 12 Par 2013.

Causes and Effects of Smoking Essay Example for Free

Causes and Effects of Smoking Essay â€Å"Smoking is bad for health†. It is a very familiar slogan that you can easy to see in all pack of cigarettes and in public places. However, there is a fact that, despite knowledge about smoking damage, the number of people who smoke is increasing day by day. Smoking causes many negative effects than people think. It affects not only health but also environment and society. First, smoking affects health of both smoking person and people around him. There are many dangerous disease germs in tobacco, so that health of people who smoke is threatened a lot when they smoke. According to World Health Organization (WHO), there are 200 toxic chemicals per 4000 chemicals in tobacco, and in these 200 toxic chemicals, there are about 40 chemicals cause cancer such as nicotine, monoxide carbon, benzene, ammoniac, etc. These chemicals have bad effect on nervous system, blood vessel and are the main reason of heart disease, cancer, memory damage. A study of WHO also shows that each day, average 5 million people die because of tobacco and this figure could rise to 10 million by 2020 if countries don’t have effective solution to restrict smoking. In addition, smoke is easy to spread in the air, therefore not only smoking people but also people around them are affected. That mean, when a person smokes, he is harming both himself and many people especially children. These people are call â€Å"passive smoking† people. Because immunize system of children doesn’t complete, they are easy to be affected by harmful factors from smoke. That’s why the threat of disease cause by smoke in children is higher than others. Some statistics in Vietnam show that about 60 -80 per cent children under 5 are affected by smoke. They are also easy to get some diseases like asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis if they usually contact with smoke. Smoking also has bad effect on environment. The tobacco manufacture releases an amount of waste including a lot of toxic chemicals such as oils, plastic, ethylene, glycol, nicotine, etc. These chemicals make water and soil as well as air in surrounding areas is contamination. In USA, tobacco manufacture is rank 18th in toxic industries. Each year, tobacco manufacture of the World releases about 300 million kilograms nicotine, one of toxic chemicals causes cancer and heart disease. Moreover, do you know that 95 per cent filter of cigarette made of plastic cellulose acetate? This chemical is very difficult to decompose and can’t recycle, so that it takes several years to disappear. In this time, this chemical may cause many effects on soil, water, even animal because some kind of birds and small animals confuse filter of cigarette as their food. Chemicals in cigarette filter make animals can’t digest and they may be killed by these chemicals. Not only health and environment but also society is affected a lot by smoking. First, smoking restrains economic development. Because of tax, tobacco is not cheap. In Vietnam, tax on tobacco is accounted of 45 per cent retail tax. It is supposed that a pack of cigarettes costs 10 thousand VND, so if a person smokes one pack a day; he has to pay 300 thousand VND a month for smoking. However, in fact, this is maybe much more money because some kinds of cigarette have higher price and with addicted people, a pack of cigarettes a day is not enough. For person got married, wasting a lot of money for smoking a month affects much on economics of family, especially poor family. Consequently, economics of a country cannot develop when economics of family doesn’t develop. In addition, another problem of smoking is medical burden. Smoking causes many diseases and also kills a lot of people. In Vietnam, each year, there are about 40,000 people die because of diseases related to tobacco. This figure is three times as much as people die because of traffic accident. Furthermore, each year, government has to spend a lot of money for health service in general and for treating diseases cause by tobacco in particular. In fact, expense for treating diseases cause by tobacco in Vietnam increases rapidly from 429, 8 billion in 2004 to 1160 billion in 2006, and in the future this expense maybe higher. It makes a big burden for government to solve smoking problem. There are not any benefits of smoking but serious effects in health, environment and society. It’s very important for people to realize the danger of smoking and give up it. That’s why WHO choose the day 31/5 is World No Tobacco Day. All of us join together to make a world without smoke. Causes and Effects of Smoking. (2016, Dec 07).

Three Rivers TESOL Conference Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Three Rivers TESOL Conference Proposal - Essay Example â€Å"Of all the languages in the world today English deserves to be regarded as a world language.† (Verghese 1) The teachers of the ESL program have a clear objective of teaching English as a the second language. It is important that they should be aware of the socio-economic backgrounds of their students in order to better incorporate their needs and make them successful English speakers. This paper will focus on how the teachers will use the information technology to know about their students and teach them in a more effective manner. This paper will furnish the details that most of the students in the South East Asia are fluent with the usage of the internet portals like Yahoo and Skype. They have easy access to the WIFI technology and can fully communicate using these sources. The use of internet chat room like Yahoo and Skype which are more personalized as compared to the public chat rooms, will help the teachers better understand their students. This paper will reveal ways and methods in which the teachers should be made familiar with using the internet to communicate with their students in order to better understand them and help them with their queries. Using YouTube and Skype classrooms will help a teacher interact with their students anywhere with the world. This paper will show modules that would familiarize teachers with the internet classrooms to better communicate with their students. These distant learning tools will improve the level of both teaching and

Historiography of America's relationship to Saudi Arabia Essay

Historiography of America's relationship to Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The paper tells that historically, The United States of America and the Saudi Arabia have shared a very good diplomatic agreement. For instance, in the middle of Cold War, the two countries upheld a common understanding that â€Å"godless communism† was problematic. This enhanced their diplomatic relationship as they both sought to fight against it. On the one hand, the United States laid a great emphasis on the part of â€Å"communism† while Saudi Arabia focused more on the part of â€Å"godless†. Through these diplomatic relationships, the Americans were considered to be decent people. This was the perception of the Saudi Arabians. This enabled them to cultivate a friendly relationship that existed between the nations. This is unlike the colonialist British whom Saudi Arabia detested seeing as they shared an extremely uneasy relationship. This is notwithstanding the fact that it never culminated into any form of hostilities between Britain and Saudi Arabia. Acc ording to the people of Saudi Arabia, the Americans were far much better than the British and this explains the good relationship between the two countries. The Americans employed the use of its vast technology and skills to accord help to Saudi Arabia in this developmental endeavors. However, Saudi Arabia had to return the favor by giving the Americans huge contracts as well as salaries to enhance the development of the country. Even at the present, it is noted that most of the infrastructure in Saudi Arabia was designed and built by the Americans.

Choose a topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Choose a topic - Research Paper Example It takes place on every Chaturmas, the twelfth day of the waning moon. During this day, all Jains congregate in temples for devotions. a) New Year Festive- in nations like Sri Lanka and Thailand, the New Year is usually celebrated for about three days from the first full moon in the month of April. In other Mahayana countries, this celebration is held the first full moon of January. b) Vesak- Vesak is held to commemorate the birth and death of Buddha, the enlightened one. It is, thus, the most important event for the Buddhists. The celebrations usually happen during the first full moon of May. Other Buddhism festivals that remember the life of Buddha are the Magha Puja and Asalha Puja Day. a) Oshogatsu- this is the celebration of the closure of the old year and opening of the New Year. During the closure of the year, the people party as they symbolically wash away the misfortunes of the past. They also express their wishful expectations of the New Year. These festivals usually give the members of these religions the opportunity to come together as one family and share their spiritual experiences. Most worshipers usually get spiritual nourishment from these festivals. In Hinduism for instance, the festivals help them divert their attention from the worldly things and concentrate on the spiritual matters. In Shinto, the visiting of the graves helps them make peace with their ancestors and gods. It is during such times that the members of these religions decide to give to the poor in the society and preach peace. As they give back to the community by helping the poor, they create a harmony between the community and religion. During these celebrations, the people usually feast with food and drinks and the outsiders are always invited to take part. Diwali is a good example. Therefore, such celebrations bring the people together and help create peace in a social set

MASTER AND COMMANDER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MASTER AND COMMANDER - Essay Example Stephen Maturin and their first adventures. At the same time, there is a historical element to the novel since the backdrop of the story is the war between England and France known as the Napoleonic wars which took place sometime after the French revolution1. In this context, the novel brings together the culture and the history of the times when it starts by placing the action in Port Mahon in 1800. Of course the world was a very different place then and the culture of the time is easily observed in the opening where the first meeting between Aubrey and Maturin is certainly less than ideal. At a Royal Navy base in Port Mahon, Minorca, Jack Aubrey is nudged by Maturin at the governor’s ball during a musical performance. They quibble with each other, but before it can get really serious, Jack is informed that he is about to be given the command of his own ship and he seeks out Maturin to join him on his voyage2. The historical background here is plainly obvious since the cultural elements of challenging someone to a duel and imagined slights at being nudged could certainly not take place in this day and age. At the same time the quick about turn shown by Jack also has its basis in historical fact as it was often difficult to recruit individuals for the hard life of the navy. In fact, Jack has to convince the doctor/scientist/philosopher that the Mediterranean is an excellent place to do research and study3. Of course the place where he conducts this research and study is the HMS Sophie of which the master and commander is Jack Aubrey. The ship’s physician also acts as a reference point for the reader since other characters in the novel explain things to him as the voyage progresses. This explanation of naval matters is also useful for the readers since they also gain awareness about the ship and the manner in which the navy conducts its business4. In the historical context, sailing in the 1800s was quite a different matter as

Jean Watson's Theory of Caring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jean Watson's Theory of Caring - Essay Example In the modern days, caring science is a field of study that has many disciplines of study that includes nursing, feminist study, ecology, philosophy, arts and other humanities. Application of Jean Watson’s theory The Jean Watson’s theory has been applied in several ways as the literature in the theory suggests. The theory has been used in the creation of a humanistic system. These are values which develop at an early stage of the nurse. They can also develop as a result of sharing with parents and the people around him or her. Life experiences and personal exposure to the real world can also create these humanistic values in the life of a nurse. These experiences  have of great  necessity  in nurse’s maturation, this in return leads to the development of altruistic nature of the nurse towards other people (Watson, 1999). Hope and faith of nurses  are some of the traits that have been  greatly improved by the creation of this theory. Faith and hope are v ery essential character traits that every nurse should possess. The theory describes it to be of great importance for both carative as well as curative stages. When the doctor has no more to offer to the patient the nurse should use the faith and hope aspects to show a sense of recovery to the patient (Watson, 1999). The theory has also enabled the nurse to cultivate sensitivity to oneself and to his or her patients. If a nurse is willing to hold a genuine conversation between himself and the patient he needs to be in the same emotional state as the one with the patient. As the nurse becomes more sensitive he or she also develops an authentic value. This encourages the nurse in self growth as well as self-actualization to both the nurse and other people whom he or she interacts with. When a personal relationship  has been   developed, there is a higher level of functioning and also the promotion of health (Watson, 1999). The theory has been used in the creation of a helpful and trustful relationship. This can be described as the strongest tool in a relationship because it demonstrates caring for each other. The major characteristics that the nurse holds in order to develop this kind of relationship are warmth which is demonstrated towards the patient, empathy which shows that the nurse Cleary understands what the patient is going through and congruence. The nurse employs the use of both verbal and nonverbal methods to make the communication effective (Watson, 1999). The theory has also been used to improve the use scientific process as one way of solving problems. The design is very necessary in a nursing career as it is the most important decision making tool. The scientific method of solving problems is the only available method that enables prediction and control. The process also offers a room for self-correction. The theory has preferably described the caring science as one should not always be objective and neutral. The theory also promotes the learn ing and teaching role. This is vital because the nurse needs to focus on learning from others as well as teaching them (Watson, 1999). Framework of Jean Watson’s theory The theory describes the nursing process to be carried out in a number of steps. This will provide a platform for decision making in the workplace. The use of the theory will greatly help in solving problems in the structure. The first step in decision making is achieved by assessing the issue at hand. This can also be termed as the problem. The assessment of the problem is

Leadership Article Critque Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Article Critque - Essay Example Managers seek to have a better understanding of their employees and the work dynamics existing in their workplace. They also give employees more opportunity to grow individually and to involve them more in decision-making. The main issue addressed by the first article by Jim Sullivan is how to motivate employees to work for the company's utmost benefit. The major argument is that employees should be given an idea how the business works, instilling in them the viewpoint of the manager. It further argues that the manager has a huge role in motivating the workforce and that their efficiency is highly dependent on the manager's style. The article also stressed the huge role played by the employees in the success of the business. Frontline employees should be trained to think and work as their superior. Jim Sullivan recognizes the need of making employees realize how the firm generates revenue and how it losses profits. The second article focused on the group structures and the most efficient strategies to utilize in enhancing the performance of these frameworks. Two structures are identified: true groups which represent teams having the same goals; and working groups having members who are responsible for individual goals. The research done by the Filine Research Institute found out that true groups are highly interdependent. It was also stipulated that the most essential process to improve performance are enhanced communication and cohesion. On the other hand, working groups' efficiency can be greatly improved through cohesion while communication is only second. The two articles are the same in the sense that they prescribe measures on how to boost the performance of workgroups. The two articles also address the manager's problem of motivating their subordinates by employing proper techniques. However, the first one dealt with the employees mindset while the second focused on organizational structure. The findings of the study done by Filene Research Institute support the advocacy for this new paradigm. The conclusion showed that the success of an organization or business depends heavily on how its leadership and management respond to the specific needs of its work environment. I believe that the manager should, therefore, be familiar with the type of work dynamics that exist in his/her organization. Does it have "true teams" or "working groups" Only then can he/she direct the organization's resources to improving communication, cohesion, solving personal or task conflicts, etc. In addition to understanding work dynamics, I think that the manager should also have a better understanding of the worker's frame of mind. How can the employees be motivated to care for the company growth and not just be concerned with what they can get out of it Jim Sullivan, in his article Teach team members to think, work like owners, pointed out to "aligning the employees' mindset with the owner's perspective." (Sullivan, 2005) Sullivan outlined ways in achieving this, and the key is worker empowerment. Workers need to be empowered with knowledge about the company or organization they are working for. They also need to be empowered with the opportunity to learn how to improve themselves in their work. Elenko Zachariev in his article Peter

Foundations and Enforcements of White Collar Crime Essay

Foundations and Enforcements of White Collar Crime - Essay Example Since such types of crimes are committed by respectable people, it often involves intricate manoeuvre of managerial accounting which may or may not be accompanied by huge amount of financial fraud. In 1970, Herbert Edlehertz, US Department of Justice Official, described white collar crime as ‘those illegal act or series of acts committed by non physical means and by concealment or guile, to obtain money, or property, or to obtain business advantage’ (Edlehertz). FBI2 has also reaffirmed Edlehertz’s definition and has asserted that white collar crimes are ‘characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence’ (USDOJ). The white collar crimes are illegal acts that violate state laws and the persons found guilty, can be tried under various section of Criminal Law. The wide scope of white collar crimes is open to interpretations and unless the culprit is caught with hard evidence of violating federal or state laws, it becomes very difficult to bring the offence and the offender to its rightful result. Enron Scandal is one of the most infamous white collar crimes where the top executives of the company were involved in huge financial bungling, money laundering, security fraud, wire fraud etc. that had finally led the company to seek bankruptcy in 2001 (Enron). In the recent times, there has been increasing cases of white collar crimes. The unethical conduct and non transparency in corporate governance has greatly facilitated the upsurge in the huge financial irregularity that has caused the loss of billions of dollars of the hard earned money of the public. There is urgent need to bring accountability within the working of the organization both public and private so as to safeguard public money and promote mutual trust and confidence. It is especially true in the contemporary times, when the world economy is

Aristotle the Great Philosopher Essay Example for Free

Aristotle the Great Philosopher Essay Aristotle was one of the most profound philosophers of all time. He was a pupil of Plato; he adapted many of Plato’s concepts into his own. Aristotle follows in the footsteps of Plato and Socrates idea of taking the virtues to be vital in a well-lived life. Based on the precise nature, true happiness can be found. In this paper, I will discuss Aristotle’s beliefs of human good and human flourishing. Aristotle’s most influential work was Nichomachean Ethics. No one is quite sure where Nichomachean Ethics originated from; they assume it is either, a combination of lecture notes from Aristotle or his students. He believes that every human activity aims at some good; every human activity aims at some end. He believes that good equals end. Aristotle refers to good as being the object of an action. He believes people should be goal oriented no matter if the goal is morally good or bad. Aristotle thought that human actions are not haphazard, random, gratuitous, and purposeless. Otherwise, they’re relevance is the distinguishing mark of human rationality, as opposed to the instinctive ness of animal conduct or an unintentional sequence of natural events. He believes that humans seek rational means to attain their goals. (Zunjic, Books 1 2) Aristotle was born in 384 BCE and later died in 322 BCE. He grew up in Stagirus, which was a small Greek colony. His father was a physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia. The Macedonia Court would influence Aristotle’s life, greatly. Aristotle’s father died while he was still a child. His guardian, Proxenus, sent him to Athens. While in Athens, he became a pupil of Plato; he attended Plato’s lectures for twenty years. He then began to lecture himself, particularly about rhetoric. (Aristotle’s Biography) After Plato had died, Aristotle may have become the leader of the Academy, except his differences in teaching. They gave the leadership role to Plato’s nephew, Seusippus. Aristotle then left Athens and went to a different court. He married Pythias and then a short while after he moved to the island of Lesbos. Some years later, Aristotle was invited back to Macedonia by the King to tutor the young Alexander. Their ideas differed, which lead to an interesting relationship. (Aristotle’s biography) Aristotle taught and managed the Lyceum for twelve years, producing, during this time, his lecture notes. Only a small amount of Aristotle’s works had survived over the years. Aristotle’s works included all the major areas of thought: logic, science, metaphysics, ethics, and politics. He developed a new theory of form that differed from Plato, created a system of deductive reasoning for universal and existential statements, and produced a theory of the universe, matter, life, and mind. (Aristotle’s Biography) Aristotle expanded his knowledge significantly when he studied under Plato, if his guardian had not sent him to Athens he probably would have never studied under Plato. Though Aristotle learned a lot from Plato, his ideas also differed greatly, and he was a great thinker all on his own. Aristotle might not have been the great philosopher that he is without the guidance of Plato. â€Å"Aristotle’s style of lecturing involved walking around in in covered walkways, for which reason Aristotle was called ‘Peripatetic’ meaning walking around. † (www. about. com) Greek influences helped shape what Aristotle believed. His education under Plato was also a huge influencing factor. He believed that there were only two causes in the universe: form and matter; form and matter leads to intelligence. Aristotle was a firm believer that education and morality went hand in hand with each other. He thought it was the duty of the state to produce well rounded citizens who would lead good lives. The realization of oneself is the main way to reach goodness. Aristotle has been recognized as one of the greatest philosophers of all time. He has had essential time working with other top philosophers of his time. Years after his death, people still learn and adapt his beliefs. Aristotle was a teleologist, meaning, he believed that all existing things have a purpose. Aristotle was way ahead of his time, in his thinking. Many of the ideas he had were completely baffling to others around him. They still take a great deal of thought to grasp what he means but it is worth examining. Aristotle believes in instrumental goods and self-sufficient goods. Multiple instrumental goods are needed to achieve ourselves; they include health, friendship, wealth, knowledge, and virtue. The ancient Greek word for virtue is, ‘Arete’ meaning excellence. The excellence a person demonstrates when acting towards virtue. Virtue, when practice, begins to make us who we are. Aristotle believes that virtue must be practice habitually, so that everyone has the capacity to perfect their own character. (Aristotle Ethics Podcast 1) He believed that every idea can be traced back to the very beginning. This is known as finite regress: finite, meaning an end, and regress, meaning to trace back. Objects of thought can be traced back to the very beginning; many consequences lead to the knowledge of the object of thought. He thought that the idea in your head can be traced back, because the idea in your head is a product of everything else, even what people earlier had in their head. Once the thought reaches the corner stone, you cannot go any farther, showing it has one clear beginning. He does not believe in infinite regress that would mean there would be no defined order. (Aristotle Ethics Podcast 2) Aristotle was not concerned with his own good but, rather, the good for all humans. He called this good, eudaimonia, meaning happiness. Eudaimonia serves as the one, final self-sufficient good. He did not believe happiness was just a feeling; he believed it was also a way of living. Many have adapted this idea as human flourishing. Human flourishing involves achievement of excellence. He believes that everyone aims at some good, but different people have different ideas of what good is. The product of the activity should be better than the activity, says Aristotle. The end is the achievable good. (Kessler, 80-87) Aristotle’s beliefs can be used to view life today. His ideas of what a good is and how to reach human flourishing influence life today. When examining any thought, it is almost possible to try and trace it back to where it originated. Aristotle showed that everything has a clear beginning and end, and that everyone should try to have a life full of virtues. Aristotle’s ideas influenced many other philosophers for years after his time. He was a great influence on medieval scholasticism: much of the Roman Catholic theology shows his ideas of teleology. It was also a big influence to biology; but it was banished from physics by the scientific revolution. Aristotle is a firm believer that happiness is the most important thing in life. Ethics was the main topic Aristotle focused on, the difference between what is a right or wrong, good and evil, rule and virtues, character and vice, success and happiness. Works Cited â€Å"Aristotle Greek Philosopher Aristotle. † About. com Ancient / Classical History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. http://ancienthistory. about. com/cs/people/p/aristotle. htm. â€Å"Aristotle of Stagirus Biography. † Aristotle. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. http://www. egs.edu/library/aristotle/biography/. Flip4Learning. Aristotles Ethics (Part One). YouTube. YouTube, 04 Mar. 2012. Web. 03 Dec. 2012. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=NbZ1qzcHo4g. Flip4Learning. Aristotles Ethics (Part Two). YouTube. YouTube, 04 Mar. 2012. Web. 03 Dec. 2012. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=A6Eq33EgMaM. â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics. † Nicomachean Ethics. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. http://www. uri. edu/personal/szunjic/philos/nicom. htm. Kessler, Gary E. Voices of Wisdom: A Multicultural Philosophy Reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2010. Print.

Determination of Heat of Solution Essay Example for Free

Determination of Heat of Solution Essay ABSTRACT Thermodynamic values can be determined using the Vant Hoff isochore method. This method entails the use of equilibrium systems to determine the change in enthalpy of the solution, which can b related to the change in internal energy of the solution. The vant Hoff isochore relates the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction at one temperature to the equilibrium constant of the same reaction at a different temperature, allowing it to be worked out for all temperatures if it is known for one. The experiment used the solution of toluene and naphthalene to determine the change in enthalpy. The mole fractions and the tempterature of recrylstallizations were graphed and the slope was determined. From the slope the change in enthalpy was determined to be 3.45J. This implies that energy is absorbed by the system. INTRODUCTION Solutions are very common in nature and in the chemistry lab. They provide the environment in which many chemical reactions occur. Thus, in the chemistry classroom and lab, we are immensely interested in solutions, especially liquid solutions. Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures of pure substances in which no precipitation or settling occurs. We often think of solutions as liquids, but we can have solutions of solids (alloys), gases (air is a solution of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and a number of other gases), and a combination of states such as liquid and solid metals (amalgams) and liquids and gases (nitrogen in the blood, carbonated beverages). The ease of dissolution is dependent on two factors: (1) the change in disorder or randomness (entropy) of the system and (2) the change in the energy of the process (heat of solution). The process is generally favored when the degree of randomness increases and the energy of the system decreases (exothermic). When dissolut ion occur the entropy of the system increases. For example, the ions in crystals are highly ordered. Once dissolved, these same ions in solution are relatively disordered. When a polymer is dissolved in a solvent, the heat measured is a sum of a polymer-solvent interaction term and a term related to the structure that existed in the solid polymer relative to its amorphous liquid state. This latter contribution, termed the â€Å"residual† heat, can have an endothermic contribution due to the fusion of crystalline regions and an exothermic contribution due to the disruption of structure in noncrystalline amorphous regions. Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. Chemically it is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, i.e. one in which a single hydrogen atom from the benzene molecule has been replaced by a univalent group, in this case CH3. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent. Like other solvents, toluene is sometimes also used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties; however, this can potentially cause sever e neurological harm. Figure 1: Structure of Toluene Naphthalene, also known as naphthalin, bicyclo[4.4.0]deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentene or antimite is a crystalline, aromatic, white, solid hydrocarbon with formula C10H8 and the structure of two fused benzene rings. It is best known as the traditional, primary ingredient of mothballs. It is volatile, forming a flammable vapor, and readily sublimes at room temperature, producing a characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass. Figure 2: Structure of Naphthalene EXPERIMENTAL A. Compounds tested Naphthalene, Toluene B. Procedures An accurate quantity of 15 g of naphthalene was weighed and placed into a test tube. An accurately measured volume of 5mL of toluene was also added. The stopper, thermometer, and stirrer were fitted in the set-up. The test tube was warmed in a water bath until all the solute was dissolved. The solution was allowed to cool in air, and was stirred continuously until an appearance of a solid was observed. The temperature at which the solid was observed was also recorded. Warming the mixture until the entire solid was re-dissolved and allowing the solution to be cooled in air also did a second determination. Another 1mL of toluene was added and steps 3 to 5 were repeated. Another four more 1mL portions of toluene were also added. The mole fractions were determined and graphed with the temperature of recrystallization. From the graph, the slope was determined and from the value of the slope, the enthalpy change of the solution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The mole fraction of the naphthalene to the toluene was determined and the temperature at which is recrystallized is tabulated below: Table 1: Mole Fraction and temperature of recrystallization Mole fraction| Temp.| 0.45| 67| 0.41| 60| 0.37| 59| 0.34| 56| 0.31| 56| 0.29| 54| Besides calorimetric method of analysis, using the equilibrium system may also be utilized to determine thermodynamic values. This is dependent to the enthalpy change. The mole fraction also interferes with the equilibrium system. Changes in the mole fraction will cause the equilibrium system to shift from one form to another. The process is in isochore, denoting no change in volume. The volume of the naphthalene is not diminished in the process of the experiment. The change in enthalpy is determined by determining the slope of the graph between the inverse of the emperature and the mole fraction. Figure3: Graph of Mole fraction versus the inverse of the recrystallization temperature From the grpah above, there is an inverse relationship between the recrystallization temperature and the mole fraction of naphthalene. As the mole fraction of the naphthalene is decreased, the inverse of the temperature of crystallization is increased. From the slope of the graph, we are able to determine the enthalpy change of the solution. Using the formula: Figure 4: Equation for enthalpy change From the equation above the determined enthalpy change is 3.45 J. Since the enthalpy change is a positive value the transfer of energy is towards the system. REFERENCES [1] Rossotti and H. Rossotti, The Determination of Stability Constants, McGraw-Hill, 1961 [2] Atkins, Peter; De Paula, Julio (2006-03-10). Physical Chemistry (8th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 212. [3] NonLinear vant hoff solubility. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6T7W-479CM6F-3M_user=10_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1984_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_origin=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1474224563_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=bc9cac9220a53d018a21b381170d2732searchtype=a. taken September 28, 2010 [4] Vant Hoff Isochore. http://www.scenta.co.uk/tcaep/nonxml/science/equations/details/vant%20Hoff%20isochore.htm taken September 28, 2010.

Industry Analysis of Furniture Market

Industry Analysis of Furniture Market Nidhi (ABM 11032), Abhishek Ranjan Besra (PGP 29368), Nikhil Madan (PGP 30323), Poem Kabra (PGP 30329), Anurag Kumar (PGP 30302), Nivaak Shah (PGP 30325), Ruchi Shah (PGP 30341) FURNITURE IMPORTS IN INDIA The furniture imports in India has maintained a significant growth in past years. The key factors leading to increase in imports in India are increasing housing and commercial construction, increase in income level and influence of global lifestyle on urban population of India which tempts them to move towards the imported furniture. Earlier the European furniture was the major contributor in furniture import in India but from past few years a major portion of furniture is imported from China alone. During July 28, 2014 to August 28, 2014, India imported wooden furniture worth USD 1,626,772 followed by Italy and United States which exported furniture wood worth USD 348,207 and USD 254,712 respectively. The import data for this one month can be shown in pie chart as below: Wooden Furniture- Major Supplier Countries by Value (in USD) during July’14- August’14 (Source:www.infodriveindia.com/furniture-wood-import-data.aspx) The furniture imports in India have increased upto 64% over the period of five years from 2001 to 2005. The increase in the furniture imports is shown in the graph below: Furniture Imports in India during 2001-2006 Source: http://www.ibef.org/download/Furniture_170708.pdf) LABOUR VS OUTPUT According to law of Diminishing Marginal Returns, the increase in one input beyond a certain limit keeping others fixed will lead to decrease in productivity. In furniture industry, the analysis of diminishing marginal returns was done by considering the labour involved in the manufacturing of table. A normal table in a dealer’s shop in Delhi, Godrej Dealers, costs Rs. 2000. The production of a table requires 2 labours. If 5 carpenters are allotted to produce one table, the productivity increases but if the labour input goes beyond 5, there is a fall in productivity of table furniture. The analysis can be shown in the graph below: (Source: Survey, Godrej Dealers) DEMAND ESTIMATION (Organized sector) To estimate the demand we have taken demand as a dependent variable and other factors like price of products, substitutes and income level as independent variable. Two hypothesis were taken; Null hypothesis: There is no relationship between independent and dependent variable and Alternative hypothesis: There is a relationship between independent and dependent variable. If one of the hypothesis is rejected other will be automatically accepted. For organized sector the demand function which is developed has Price of the wooden furniture (P), Income levels of consumers (I), Price of the metal/fibre furniture (P1) as independent variable and Expenditure of wood (Q) as dependent variable. Demand function Q= (P, I, P1). The primary data of price has been collected from Godrej dealers of the Godrej Company. Income levels were collected from CMIE reports. All the primary data are constrained to Delhi. To develop Goodness of fit, the function has been assumed to be liner and regression analysis has been done to estimate the demand. After regression analysis, following model is obtained: Q= 6773.461317- 0.3281P+ 0.02705 I + 11.7609 P1 R2= 0.699, Adjusted R2= 0.548 Coefficient of P- Price of the wooden furniture is –ve Coefficient of me-Income level of consumers is + ve Coefficient of P1- Price of substitutes (metal/fibre) is +ve The above results shows a bit more than a moderate relationship between dependent and independent variable. According to the value of R2, 69% of the demand variation is explained by the variation of the price of the products, income level and price of the substitutes. Others factors which are not taken into account into above model should be government policies regarding cutting and selling tress and woods, import of woods etc. The above coefficient of independent variable gives us the result which is related to microeconomic theory. It clearly states that the demand (Q) falls with rising prices of main product and rises with rising income levels and prices of substitutes. Fig no. †¦.: Organized sector Regression fit quantity Price of product keeping ceteris paribus Fig no. †¦.: Organized sector Regression fit quantity income keeping ceteris paribus Hypothesis testing: By using the value of obtained value of t-stat and P-values the above mentioned hypothesis will be tested. Table no. :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Here, we have considered level of significance to be 5% i.e ÃŽ ±= 0.05 and degree of freedom to be n-k-1, where n: no. of observations = 10 and k: no. of independent variable= 3 Hence, we get t (ÃŽ ±, n-k-1) which is t (0.05, 6). From statistical table (t distribution) the calculated t- value is 1.943. Findings: Table no:†¦.. According to the data independent variables like P and I doesn’t show any significant impact on Quantity demanded (Q) apart from variable P1 which is significant. This kind of result is obtained mainly because of less number of data. FUTURE OUTLOOK RECOMMENDATIONS As the furniture industry in India is largely unorganized and fragmented, it provides immense opportunities to domestic and global players. The main reason for increase in demand for furniture is on account of increasing purchasing power of the consumers, change in the lifestyle, increasing urbanization and availability in tier II and III cities. For increasing the product availability, organized furniture manufacturers are also getting into tie-ups with E-commerce retailers. The furniture retail chains are also focusing on increasing their presence in tier II III cities. â€Å"India Furniture Market Forecast Opportunities, 2019†, estimates the country’s furniture market will grow at a CAGR of around 26% during 2014-19.Western region is likely to be the highest revenue contributor in the furniture segment, followed by southern region as there are a large number of industrial hubs and upcoming infrastructure developments in these regions. Over the next few years, the Indian furniture market is expected to witness increasing consolidation due to growing entry of international companies as a result of the government’s 100% FDI approval into the country’s furniture industry. As a result, the share of small and mid-sized furniture players largely forming the unorganized sector is expected to fall over the coming years. The present market size of online sales in India is at Rs. 200 crore at present and is expected to grow five times to Rs. 1,000 crore by 2016. Certain categories such as coffee tables, bookshelves and shelves in general could be the bestsellers in the near future. This comes with its own limitations as certain items required to be seen and touched, like sofas. It is also believed that it will emerge as the most profitable segment in the e-commerce market.

America The Beautiful :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A terrible terrorist act was committed on American soil on September 11, 2001. Airplanes were hijacked, taken to important cities, and crashed into important buildings. This dreadful happening shocked all of America. Most are still in denial and grieving over the tragedy. It seemed that America was getting little support from other countries; unlike the support America gives many other nations when they are in trouble. One reporter from Canada, Gordon Sinclair, thought this was a terrible injustice. In a report given by Sinclair, many times America has helped out, even its enemies, were pointed out. Sinclair points out the fact that America has some of the best technology, the fact that America has helped its enemies with restitution after wars and bombings, as well as the fact that America is a watchdog that helps those who have domestic problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"You talk about Japanese technocracy, and you get radios. You talk about German technocracy, and you get automobiles. You talk about American technocracy, and you find men on the moon – not once, but several times – and safely home again,† states Sinclair. This statement shows the vast amount of technologies America possesses. Later in the same paragraph, Sinclair remarks about the fact that America did not even pursue its draft dodgers for the fact that they ran to Canada. This shows that America’s domestic problems are not as important as helping others around the world. America lays its scandals on the table for all to view. To speak more on the issue of technology, America is the largest producer of airplanes in the world. America does not boast about its technological advances, it merely allows other nations to share in its glory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This Canadian thinks it is time to speak up for the Americans as the most generous and possibly the least appreciated people on the earth. Germany, Japan, and to a lesser extent, Britain and Italy were lifted out of the debris of war by the Americans who poured billions of dollars and forgave other billions in debts,† states Sinclair. This quote refers to the restitution mentioned in the beginning of this expose. After bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, America gave much money to the Japanese to help rebuild their cities. Can a country that rebuilds its enemies be that bad, or is it simple minded and blind? In my opinion, America is just a good neighbor.

Reaching Up for Manhood :: Essays Papers

Reaching Up for Manhood Under-privileged, African-American boys are more prevalent in today's society than the typical person would like to recognize or admit. These boys seem to be faced with an ideal in which they need to follow or conform to as any and all cultures have. However, the problem is that for these boys, this ideal or way of living is believed to be met. Black boys growing up in Harlem are expected to act tough, not take any crap from anybody, and always seem to be strong no matter what they may be faced with. Along with this pressure to not express emotion and feeling, people wonder why they take this aggression out on their loved ones. Even though it may seem sexist it is a known fact that males are more likely to partake in violence than the average female. In order to prevent violence, it needs to stop before it starts. To do this, we start at childhood. The social, family, and educational environment must change for the better. This is not an easy task and no one is saying that it is going to take place over night. However, it is known that what we are, what we know, and how we act all reflects on the way in which we grow up and develop. Not to state the obvious, but I was raised very different from what the novel describes as an African-American male. Considering I am a Caucasian female, I was not raised with the attitude that I need to fend for myself. I did not need to learn self-defense in order to stay safe on the playground. My mother did not coach me on which ways to walk home from school. I didn't have to worry about it since the schools were well equipped with buses and money was not a problem for any of the school districts in the area I call home. I could not imagine telling a child not to go to the playground and play after school because it wasn't safe. If put in this type of culture, I would feel like I'd have to shield my child from everything when the reality of it would be that I am not the educator. The "tough" boys on that playground are the educators in a younger boy's eyes and the older boys come from homes that are either struggling or non-existing.

Abraham Lincoln Essay -- essays research papers

Lincoln   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No president of the United States ever assumed office under more difficult conditions than Abraham Lincoln. By the time of his inauguration day, a large portion of the South had already seceded as soon as they heard of his election. Nor did he have the support and confidence of a large portion of the North either. To most Americans, Lincoln was a relative unknown and his homespun image and penchant for humor often led both his opponents and his staff to underestimate him. General McClellan dismissed his commander-in-chief as a buffoon while the abolitionist Wendall Phillips described Lincoln as a ‘first-rate, second-rate man’ who was always ‘waiting like any other servant for the people to come and send him on any errand they wish.’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Such estimations show that Lincoln’s true intelligence and political acumen were widely misunderstood, perhaps owing to the fact that he was a complex and very private man, not readily given to sharing his inner thoughts with even his closest advisors. He also appeared on the surface to be a man of great contradictions. He was anti-slavery and yet he hesitated to free the slaves. He was a staunch believer in the Constitution and yet he suspended the writ of habeas corpus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The answer to these seeming contradictions lies in Lincoln’s character. He was both a man of high ideals and a pragmatist. His paramount goal was the preservation of the Union. W...

Gender and Women

Oppression is a word that is often misunderstood and misused. In Marilyn Frye’s article, Oppression, a central theme is created that focuses on male control, and how it is a form of oppression that affects the lives of women (Frye, 9). My reasons for agreeing with Frye’s argument that only women are oppressed as their own gender will be further discussed by focusing on how women are forced into particular roles.Additionally, I will explain how there is a mutual barrier of oppression where women are oppressed for the benefit of men, and how women will always be immobilized and degraded to benefit other groups regardless of their race or economic status. Frye defines oppression as often being thought of as the limitation or suffering of any human for any reason or cause. She argues that this statement is incorrect and highlights that humans can be miserable without being oppressed. Frye defines being oppressed as similar to being molded, immobilized and reduced by forces or barriers.She relates this concept to the â€Å"category† of women and how they are constantly caught between forces or barriers that are a disadvantage to them. It is explained that women, regardless of race, religion or economic status, will always be oppressed because â€Å"being a woman is significantly attached to whatever disadvantages and deprivations she suffers, be they great or small†(Frye, 16). Frye highlights that oppression is a double bind barrier in which one group will suffer for the betterment of the other. Men oppress women with a variety of different elements that collaboratively immobilize, reduce, and mold the lives of women.She concludes that women are oppressed as women, which adds limitations to what they can do in life, and men are not oppressed as men by shedding light on the fact that being a man is something that they have going for them (Frye, 9-16). It is clear that everyone, either male or female, acts a certain way around someone of th e same sex, as opposed to someone of the opposite sex. Frye explains that both males and females have certain restraints on what behavior is acceptable for them, and how â€Å"women restraint is part of a structure oppressive to women and the men restraint is part of a structure oppressive to women† (Frye, 16).Women can act â€Å"un-lady like† when they are only around other women, however as soon as men are in the picture, a woman is expected to act a specific way. Men and women have grown up in different gender roles, where they do certain things and act in a certain way that differs from the other sex. Nonetheless, men seem to oppress women into certain roles so strongly that it results in men also having to live up to particular roles. If a woman is expected to sit up straight, then a man is expected to play the opposite role and slouch, to ensure their masculinity.If a woman is expected to eat healthy and stay slim, a man is expected to work out and get buff. By c reating standards or roles that women have to live up to, men create social standards for themselves unintentionally. However this does not mean that they are oppressed, because men do not miss out on opportunities for being a male. Being able to recognize this difference is crucial. There are several ways in which men oppress women, in turn creating social standards for themselves without being oppressed. Frye uses the example of a man opening a door for a woman.At a microscopic level, it looks like the man is being polite, and removing a barrier for a woman to walk freely (Frye, 12). By simply opening the door for a woman who is capable of doing it herself, men are oppressing women as unable (Frye, 12). As a result, men create a new social â€Å"mold† for themselves, where they have to be a gentleman and ensure that they get to the door first. So does this mean that women oppress men? Fyre argues that there is a mutual barrier within oppression. For example, when looking at a prison, there is a barrier that separates the prisoners from citizens.The prisoners are restrained to ensure the safety of the citizens outside of the prison. These barriers take away from the freedom and liberty of the prisoners, while intensifying the freedom of the citizens (Frye 14). This scenario is similar to how men oppress women. Men sometimes believe that they are oppressed into the â€Å"mold† of masculinity, and are unable to be nurturing (Frye, 14). Nonetheless, men restrict themselves to this role in order to maintain their superiority, while women are oppressed into roles, which act as a huge disadvantage to them.As a result of being oppressed by men, women will always be immobilized and degraded to benefit another group. Although men are constrained by the oppression of women, women have to fit into a tighter mold. Frye underlines that one’s suffering is partly because one is a member of a specific category. In this case, being a woman is a huge facto r that gets in the way of her everyday life (Frye, 16). McGinn (2012) explains that in the early 19th century, women were not expected to work and earn their own living. They rarely had careers, and most professions were refused to women and saved for men (McGinn, 2012).Today, women are allowed to work, and have an equal chance of getting the same jobs as males. However, there are underlying bias’ that affect a woman from being respected in the position as highly as a male. For example, a lot of individuals take male police officers more seriously than female police officers, even though they have the same qualifications. This is just one of many examples of how women are oppressed and further degraded in order to give men the role of being the more dominant sex. Frye’s argument on how women are oppressed as women and how men are not oppressed as men is indeed correct.Women are consistently degraded and shaped into particular roles, which benefit men and other social g roups. Regardless of a women’s economic status, race, or culture, they will always be victimized for solely being a women. It is clear, that when looking at the barriers of oppression, that women are confined to the side that is oppressed, giving all dominance to the male sex. Future generations should work towards creating a more equal lifestyle between women and other social groups, allowing women to achieve roles in which they want to fulfill.

Globalization and the new world food crisis Essay

Since the dawn of civilization, man has always ventured and made developments for his betterment. Man’s basic need like any other animal on the planet has been his food. Initially man devised new hunting skills and innovate new weapons to hunt and feed. As time passed by he understood the basics of agriculture and ended his nomadic life. This was a turning point in mankind and the need for growing food to survive was well understood. With the passing of more time, agricultural science was used to enhance agricultural outputs with most of the countries at least going through one form of agricultural revolution. The need for food is still an essential need in this world full of technology and finances. Globalization brought the world closer and resources of one country started being used for resources or capital from other country. The concept of open trade became evitable and food was traded in plenty. It didn’t matter, where one was and could buy vegetables and fruits from other countries. Staying in the United States of America once could have Chinese mandarins. This was the extent in which globalization had upsurge trade amongst countries. Today the scenario has changed drastically, even though there is trade available, there is a major scarcity of food available in the world to be traded. The surplus quota of food which always used to be exported by countries is now being used for keeping out in reserves and in storage. Today the prices of exports have reached as high as 80% of the original cost as the other countries have started banning exports. Food today has become more expensive and scarcer than oil and other extinguishing resources. Today the world has entered into a new world ‘food crises’. Prices of bread in grocery store have changed and risen more in a week that it has over the years. It is a very grave situation and the world is in serious mess for it. Food prices have really soared up making it very difficult for buyers in terms of finances, but they still have to buy it as it is food and one cannot live without food. It has been estimated that wheat prices are up by 120%, rice prices are up by 75% and it has been efficiently calculated by experts that on an average a poor family today is spending 80% of its income on food. Food which is a basic necessity for a man to survive is a matter for daily struggle for about billion people. Because of this callous increase in food pricing, there has been huge increasing in malnutrition and it has been estimated that more than 3. 5 million children are dying per year because of food shortage. Further more the food crisis, which had been lingering around for some time, but somehow world leaders failed to acknowledge it and due to which about 100 million people have crossed below the poverty line in the last 2 years. The situation is considered to be very grave as this problem is here to stay at least till 2015. This problem is there for in the future as situations have been created where food will become more expensive than gold. The situation has now been officially declared out of hand situation and rapid measures are expected to control the situation at least for the near future. Globalization has been of the main issues that has caused this food crisis in the world. Everything being connected if has its advantages then it also has a lot of disadvantages. Today because of globalization and international trade every country is dependent on some country for its commodities and export. One thing that was clear in the world was not everything could be made in one country, so it has to be bought from another country. Today if natural disaster strikes at one country and if that country is one of the biggest exporters of a particular food item, then it is seen that prices of that food item goes up in the international market. Today the sorrow of one country is proportional to international markets. For instance an example of how globalization affects the food crisis is seen below: ‘The price of maize has never been higher, and the future has seldom seemed rosier. Carleton is booming, with $200-million put up for a new bio fuel factory and, after years in the doldrums, there is full-time, well-paid work for 50 people. The same fields that surround houses may be bringing new money to rural America, but they are also helping to push up the price of bread in Manchester, tortillas in Mexico City and beer in Madrid as Challenged by President George Bush to produce 133-billion liters of non-fossil transport fuels by 2017 to reduce United States dependency on imported oil, thousands are patriotically turning the US corn belt from the bread basket of the world into an enormous fuel tank. Only a year ago, their maize mostly went to cattle feed or was exported as food aid. Come harvest time, almost all will end up at the new plant at Carleton, where it will be fermented to make ethanol’ (Yale Global). Globalization has taken its toll on fossil fuels. Today it’s known that fossil fuels will extinguish in the coming years and the world might come to a halt. For this scientist devised ways of making bio fuels with the help of corn and maize. As the current United States of America’s president George Bush has vowed to stop imports of oil and fossil fuel from other nations by 2017, he has started a massive operation for making the country self sufficient on bio fuel. This has made the farmers giving away corn and wheat for the production of the fuel. The United States of America had made special subsidy for the American farmers to compete with globalize rates and due to which actual wheat producing nations like Mexico had to lose out on its farming out wheat and corn as because of the amount of international trade norms imposed due to United States of America. Because of that farmers in Latin America had major crisis for their wheat and became dependent of the American policy. Today when America is giving away its corn and wheat production for making away bio fuel, bread has become a major issue for the world and the following will explain problems created by it for poor countries: ‘Ever since the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund broke down trade barriers in the global south-thus opening the gates for the dumping of subsidized grain from the U. S. and Europe-farmers in poor countries have steadily been driven out of business. Under the banner of â€Å"comparative advantage,† many poor countries that had previously been self sufficient in food were turned as a conscious matter of US foreign policy into food importing countries. But with the U. S. hoarding its corn and selling the rest of its food dear, these nations are left holding the poor end of an expensive stick’ (Eric Holt-Gimenez). After America, Australia is one biggest wheat production nation on the world and is also a large responsibility for the world’s food production. Globalization has taken its toll on the environment. Today industries and technology have shifted to a new level often overlooking environmental issues. This high amount of globalization has accelerated the phenomenon of global warming which itself is responsible for many issues. Because of global warming, there suns rays are directly affecting the planet through the depleting ozone. This rise in temperature brings in lots of disasters on its way, like meting of polar caps, abrupt changes of climate and worst of all no rain but more heat. Because of the globalization Australia has been suffering more lately and it is having multiple year droughts. These droughts caused by global warming are taking its toll on the wheat productions making the wheat and corn an expensive item for the world. The following will explain the condition of Australia’s wheat woes. ‘After America, Australia is normally the second largest exporter of grain, and in a good year it would hope to harvest about 25 million tones. But the country remains in the grip of the worst drought in a century, which is why the 2006 crop yielded only 9. 8m tones. Last year saw one of the best starts to a growing season for years, but dry weather in recent weeks has forced the Australian government to slash its crop forecasts by 30%’ (BBC). Globalization has taken its toll on two massive exporters of wheat and since these two countries are affected it becomes very hard for the world as the remaining wheat that is available becomes very expensive making it impossible for poor people to think of having bread. Hard as it may seem to believe but it is quiet true now that globalization has been the food stealer of the world. Today many people are being pushed below poverty lines as they cannot afford to buy food and the deaths related with starvation or malnutrition has increased to new heights. Everything is proportional to every activity in the world and since the prices of wheat have soared up, people are getting poorer and the buying capacity of people is getting directly affected because of it. The following piece will shed light on the relationship of poverty and globalization: ‘The relationship between globalization and poverty is complex, Harrison acknowledges, yet she says that a number of persuasive conclusions may be drawn from the studies in Globalization and Poverty. One conclusion is that the relationship depends not just on trade or financial globalization but on the interaction of globalization with the rest of the economic environment: investments in human capital and infrastructure, promotion of credit and technical assistance to farmers, worthy institutions and governance, and macroeconomic stability, including flexible exchange rates and Globalization and Poverty yields several implications. First, impediments to exports from developing countries worsen poverty in those countries. Second, careful targeting is necessary to address the poor in different countries who are likely to be hurt by globalization’ (Matt Nesvisky)

Lawsuit for Call Center Fabulous County, Florida for a sum of money Essay

There was a saying that business is business.   Sustainability of a firm depends upon production and it is always measured by the amount of money earned.   In some cases collectibles are difficult to handle.   In fact it is one of the known business risk – the delivery now and pay later deals.   Too many establishments failed due to laxity on issues such as collection especially in the payments of bad accounts. Collection Committee should send a registered mail to the Call Center Fabulous Country indicating the exact amount of money to be collected including penalties if any.   The committee on collection must also decide the cut-off period if there is no given grace period on payments indicated in the agreement or stipulated in the contract.   Moreover, the agreement must be read thoroughly before initiating a suit so that all angles are carefully studied and properly explored. The committee should know that there are rights to discretion proper to a specific type of businesses.   For instance, a call center provides business transaction globally which mean that any disruption in their services with regards to the services your company provides may cause more damage than the amount being collected.   Upon making a thorough review of the situation and in case that the Call Center Company stated did not respond or make a written reply to the Collection Committee, immediate action on the filing of suit should take place at a small court in a county where the party being sued or where the signing of agreement took place (Balovich, 2006). Legal services is expensive and vary depending on states therefore, the collection committee must try to use all its capabilities in making a collection with the use of proper business ethics.   There could be easy way of handling collection than a lawsuit in fact one of the biggest points to consider before doing so is to ask the following question.   Is the amount being collected proportionate to the expense incurred in litigation?   Aside from money involved, what will be the social costs and consequences of the action?   Filing a case on claims involves time and energy and responsibility of the Collection Committee to handle diligently. Some overdue collection depends largely on how it is done.   There are ways to expedite the collection of payments.   For example, making sure that your contract indicates when is the payment due and to whom you deal with.   Second, indicating clearly that payment is due on a very specific date or writing in the invoice with this clause: penalty will be incurred due to late payments.   Meantime it is also good to request payment in advance (Examiner, 2005). Knowing your clients is also the best strategy in providing solutions to problem in collecting due payments.   It is good to find out where they stand and what their next move is.   Bankruptcy Code indicates in Chapter 11 that â€Å"debtor usually proposes a plan of reorganization to keep its business alive and pay creditors over time (Judiciary).   Overdue payments are also company’s loss even if payments are collected, taking into consideration the cost of money lost through time.   Some business or corporations can seek the help of the court of bankruptcy and it would mean losing the game with them. Part 2: Draft of a sale agreement on the sale of used computer equipment to a Call Center Company   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A contract is define as a meeting of the mind or mutual understanding of any pursuit; In brief it is a mutual consent.   Therefore, it is good to know the points legally by understanding the cause and effect of the act may it be personal or corporate initiatives.   References on contracts may be applicable but it is always good to consult with an attorney (Balovich, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drafting a sale agreement usually includes common terms indicated in the general deed of sale.   However sales agreement on used items may have exemptions like the term â€Å"as is where is basis (VISTEON INC.).†Ã‚   The agreement must be clear that the seller is selling used equipments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also important to include in the draft the following details:   the correct name of both parties because it is always a foot forward to know whom you are dealing with (Examiner, 2005).   It must also include the complete description of the items including serial numbers of the equipment, the number of pieces and the exact price of that equipment being sold.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The committee chairman had explained that the call center is going to pay your company in four monthly instalments meaning at five hundred dollars a month.   Before doing so, it must be clear how these sums will be collected and if penalty will be charge for late payments. Normally, used items are paid in cash but it is your company’s discretion that they opted for this agreement.   However it is good advice to plan for an advance collection since two months is too much to wait for a two thousand dollar bill.   It is also important to check on the taxes to be paid by selling used equipments and who is going to pay for it before the total amount on the agreement is written.   The tax exemption identification card is listed normally below the buyer’s signature (VISTEON INC.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are also clauses in the contract that must be taken in consideration such as termination of the contract since the agreement includes a two month pay period.   It could be at the disadvantage of the company if the items sold are returned during the pay period because of the other party misuse or negligence.   Much more if a refund would be asked.   These two major risks must be well thought of by the committee before the agreement is drafted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Terms and conditions of the draft agreement must include a written approval of the committee.   It is also important that details are discussed in meetings before finalizing a draft.   A lot can be taken into consideration through consultation since being new means there are still a lot to learn.   For this reason a complete knowledge of the company policy and history is needed to deal with its customer successfully. Part 3:   Fraud and trespassing or violation of 3 call center employees regarding company rules.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is difficult to give evidence on pre-empt unlawful act or an action that did not took place.   For instance verbal information that so and so is trying to steal money by falsifying company invoice.   In fact stealing is a grave crime to be committed voluntarily by an employee.   The only evidence is that they should be caught with the false invoices but according to the situation the three employees got arrested even before they have committed the crime.   In fact the only strong evidence is that they broke into the call center at night.   These employees can be charged of unlawful use of company equipments since they should not be working outside of the schedule the company has intended for them.   However there are also cases that workers get back to work at night but this must be approved by their supervisor as overtime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employee’s misbehaviour is dealt first by the human resource department.  Ã‚   There could be major implications on the company’s image due to the immediate arrest of the three call center workers. Sandra Robinson an expert on employee-employer relations and workplace deviance said that even the best employees can be dysfunctional because of poor management   (Keen, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also important for managers and supervisors that arrest of people without due evidence is tantamount to abuse in human rights of which these workers can file a suit on moral damages to the Fabulous Call Center Company.  Ã‚   All citizens are given due process of law and to inflict others with committing serious crime without solid evidence is also a serious offense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, call center operates on a tight security level and they make sure that data are verified accurately before anyone is given access to information (Diaphonics, 2006).   No employees are allowed to enter the premises within the authorize time.   To break into an office at night could seem impossible because of the tight security measures that all call center company enforces.  Ã‚   Just within its perimeter area, at the entrances, or being on the floor, break periods, the lockers and lounges are controlled by the operation and security group.   It is a bit impossible that three people could just break in when in fact modern technology misuse can lead to hardware theft.   There is no use for people to break in since hackers can use wireless technology in committing crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At any instance, if the employees broke into an office a trespass warning is issued by the police (Tech, 1999).   The human resource department should terminate employment on the basis of not following company rules and office procedures.   However, there are legal basis in doing so.   There is a great deal to settle with labour disputes than dealing with how the controversy occurred.   Management has the right to look further whether someone’s interest is upheld at the expense of others. Part 4:   Outline for a Mortgage Agreement for a purchase of a building.   What is a secured and unsecured debt and what happens in case of default?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Probably since it is a law firm who is making a purchase through mortgage mean that it is equipped with the legal terminologies and procedure to conduct its transaction.   However the one in charge on the procurement of the bigger building is a project manager who could be better of with building operations than with legal proceedings. Making an outline to assist the project manager could be very helpful but there is a lot of information that could be taken from him because based on his position he knows the project.   He knows whether there will be cost on renovations or building repair and maintenance which will be an additional on cost for the building.   Other costs on building operations may deplete the payment schemes especially if the structure was purchased through a mortgage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before making an outline on the mortgage it is important to talk with the project manager first so that the building that is intended to be bought or to be constructed is free from liens and encumbrances.   Basic knowledge on procuring a building for a specific need say an office building is a must. It is important whether the structure is fit for the intended use.   Project managers normally have knowledge of their operations and provide systems for functionality.   They are the key to abate risks that are sometimes encountered in building procurement.   Project managers talents are tested on time and cost management and they are the professional that assist the owner in project delivery which pertains to buildings (Massachusetts, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mortgage agreements includes clauses such as: purchase price and warranties, authorized person to purchase and the person in charge in the mortgage company and its assigns with the proper addresses, definitions of terms, and building warranties (Findlaw, 1999).   Since the money will be lent by a bank it is important to know the cost of money with the law firm cash flow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is important to know the monthly amortization with the principal amount being borrowed and this must be discussed thoroughly how debts will be paid by the Owner.   It is good to think this way since banks usually operates not only on how they are paid but more on how they can foreclose a property.   Determining the cash flow will also guide the buyer how much will be given to secured and unsecured debt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alan Barnes a certified debt arbitrator and president of Debt Regret defines in his article that â€Å"secured debt as a debt in which the creditor maintains a security interest in an item or piece of personal property (Barnes, 2005).†Ã‚   As described above banks play in this notion of having an interest on the item being procured. The amount of money lent is collateralized by the property and the drawback to this is when the amount borrowed is not sufficient to buy the building.   That remaining amount can be called unsecured debt.   However, the balance on the purchase of the property is still the responsibility of the buyer.   Unsecured loans can be settled through debt programs successfully therefore much pliable to handle than the secured debt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mortgage law varies from one state to another.   It is important that the terms of mortgage indicates profoundly the right of the lender to recover his purchase in case of default in payment and to find out if the lender has interest over the property.   It is also best to calculate and find provisions on how the payments can be made without default.   Initially, expansion means prosperity but managing a bigger family means high risk, transferring into bigger buildings can be a more productive effort but does not always mean more money.   Sometimes it is more on spending on real property which cost can be recovered in a number of years. References Balovich, D. (2006). Small Claims Court For Debt Collection And Disputes [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 07 February 2008 from http://www.creditworthy.com/3jm/articles/cw051806.html. Barnes, A. (2005). What is the Difference Between Unsecured and Secured Debt? [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 09 February 2008 from http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-the-Difference-Between-Unsecured-and-Secured-Debt?&id=20875. Diaphonics. (2006). CALL CENTRE GATEWAY SECURITY [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 09 February 2008 from http://www.diaphonics.com/callCentre.php. Examiner, T. (2005).   Collecting Payment Due The Better Business Bureau offers the following tips to speed up the payment process: [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 08 February 2008 from http://www.enewsbuilder.net/betterbusiness/e_article000492994.cfm?x=b11,0,w. Findlaw. (1999). Sample Business Contracts [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 09 February 2008 from http://contracts.corporate.findlaw.com/agreements/mortgage/note.html. Judiciary, T. F. Reorganization Under the Bankruptcy Code [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 09 February 2008 from http://www.uscourts.gov/bankruptcycourts/bankruptcybasics/chapter11.html. Keen, C. (2006). UF study: Even good employees act up if supervisors mistreat them [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 09 February 2008 from http://news.ufl.edu/2006/04/06/employee-misbehavior/. Massachusetts, T. C. o. (2004). OWNER’S PROJECT MANAGER GUIDELINES [Electronic Version], 7 pages. Retrieved 09 February 2008 from http://www.mass.gov/cam/Creform/Own_PM_Guide.pdf. Tech, T. (1999). Police log [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 09 February 2008 from http://www-tech.mit.edu/V119/N28/28polog.28n.html. VISTEON INC. USED EQUIPMENT SALES AGREEMENT [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 09 February 2008 from http://www.goindustry.com/salefiles/8144/8144_6242.pdf?TimeStamp=0x0000000019793073&EntityID=8144&EntityTypeID=5.

Describe Two Explanations of the Origins of Attitudes to Food and Eating Behaviour

Describe Two Explanations of the Origins of Attitudes to Food and Eating Behaviour. One explanation of the origins of attitudes towards food and eating behaviour is social learning theory, which emphasises the impact that observing other people can have on our own behaviour. Parents can have a massive effect over their children's eating behaviours for a variety of reasons. The first, and perhaps most obvious reason is that parents purchase and control the foods in their homes, and so the child would have little choice but to eat whatever their parent presented to them. The child would then grow up with this diet, and would ‘learn' it. Brown and Ogden reported consistent correlation between parents and their children in terms of snack intake, eating motivations, and body dissatisfaction. Another explanation of the origins of attitudes towards food and eating behaviour are cultural influences. Research has suggested that body dissatisfaction and related eating concerns are more characteristics of white women than black or Asian women. Ball and Kennedy found that for all ethnic groups, the longer the time spent in Australia, the more the women reported attitudes and eating behaviours similar to Australian women, and this is known as the ‘acculturation effect'. Other studies have found that social class can have an influence on body dissatisfaction and dieting behaviour, finding that they are more common in higher class individuals. Dornbusch studied 7000 American adolescents and found that higher class females show a greater desire to be thin, and were more likely to diet to achieve this. However other research disputes social learning theories conclusion and suggests that children do not just copy their parents. A study done by Birch and Fisher found that the best predictors of daughters eating behaviours were the mothers dietary restraints and their perception of the risk of the daughters becoming overweight. This disputes the idea that eating behaviour is affected by children directly copying their parents eating behaviour. However, this study was only carried out with mothers and daughters and so may suffer from gender bias. Social learning theory could also affects people's eating behaviours through their peers. This shows that more than just parents affects eating behaviour, as was previously implied. Meyer and Gast studied 10-12 year olds and found a significant positive correlation between peer influence and disordered eating. Although this study shows us much valuable information, we can generalise these findings to suggest how 10-12 year olds are affected. They cannot be an indicator for how older people may act, who may be considered to be less vulnerable to peer pressure. There are also many other obvious explanations as to our eating behaviours. For example, how we have evolved impacts a great deal on what we eat. We prefer fatty and sugary foods as these are what our distant ancestors would have needed to survive. Research has found that female white people are more preoccupied with their weight and participate in more weight loss behaviours. However a study by Mumford et al found that bulimia occurs more predominantly in Asian school children than their white counterparts. Striegel Moore et al also found that black girls have a higher drive for to be thin than white girls. Both of these studies contest the original idea, that White people have more eating problems. Dornbusch et al found that higher class females had a greater desire to be thin. However a study done by Story et al disputes this. They found the exact opposite, that higher social class meant greater satisfaction with weight and lower rates of weight control behaviour. This shows perhaps that there is no correlation between social class and eating behaviour. This was also suggested by other studies.

Quality of Care for Diabetic Patients in a Large Urban Public Hospital Assignment

Quality of Care for Diabetic Patients in a Large Urban Public Hospital - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that Suwattee, Lynch, and Pendergrass relied on hospital records mainly from the quality improvement department to collect data pertaining to patient characteristics and information on their follow up by physicians. They analyzed the data using x2 test, ANOVA, Fisher’s PLSD test to observe categorical and continuous variables, while taking the help of SAS statistical software. They concluded that diabetes clinic provided the highest quality care while clinic staffed by internal medicine residents provided the intermediate and the other clinic staffed by faculty physicians provided the least amount of care. Validity: As it was mentioned by the authors, the research was mainly based on documented reports rather than direct observations. Also, if their pre-existing favorability towards diabetes clinic had made them perform an overlooked biased study with respect to selection and testing of measures, the internal valid ity would have been in question. However, the documentation of their data analysis and the correlation of results and assumptions with relevant published data suggest that the study can be considered as validated. From the data, assumptions and relative measures provided by the authors, it can be stated that the results of this study have content, predictive and concurrent validity, respectively. Applicability: The main point identified in this research was that diabetes clinic having a disease-management process provided highest quality care to patients. It was in spite of the fact that some aspects of the care in the diabetes clinic are provided by least experienced personnel than those in the clinic staffed by faculty physicians. Adherence to standard guidelines for patient care through a system-wide coordination among involved providers is the key for this difference. Though this comprehensive approach seems widely applicable, the fact that even the diabetes clinic’s scor e was also suboptimal indicates that applicability needs long-term commitment and participation of all involved entities.